HomeMy WebLinkAboutRes - 2023.06 - Establishing an Investment Policy for Public Funds EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
1 of 14
Purpose
The purpose of this policy is to establish guidelines for the prudent investment of East Valley
Water District (District) funds in conformance with California Government Code
requirements. Funds will be managed to provide for daily cash flow requirements and to
meet the objectives of this policy.
Policy
It is the policy of the District to invest public funds in a manner which ensures the safety and
preservation of capital while meeting reasonably anticipated operating needs, achieving a
reasonable rate of return, and conforming to all state and local statutes governing the
investment of public funds.
Scope
This policy applies to the investment of all operating funds; it does not apply to investments
held in trust for the District retirement plan, or post -employment health benefits, as these
investments are subject to policies established by the plan trustees. Indenture agree ments
specify how bond proceeds will be invested, but generally they will be invested in securities
permitted by this policy. Invested funds are accounted for, and are identified in, the District’s
Annual Comprehensive Financial Report.
Objectives
As specified in CGC §53600.5, when investing and managing public funds, the primary
objectives, in priority order, of the District’s investment activities shall be:
1. Safety: Safety of principal is the foremost objective of the investment program.
Investments of the East Valley Water District shall be undertaken in a manner that
seeks to ensure the preservation of capital in the overall portfolio by mitigating certain
risks. Some of those risks are:
A. Interest Rate Risk – the District will minimize the risk that the market value of
securities in the portfolio will fall due to changes in general interest rates by:
Exhibit "A"
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
2 of 14
• Structuring the investment portfolio so that securities mature to meet
cash requirements for ongoing operation and avoiding the need to sell
securities on the open market prior to maturity.
• Investing operating funds primarily in short-term securities, money
market mutual funds, or investment pools.
B. Credit Risk – the risk that an issuer or other counterparty to an investment will
not fulfill its obligations, will be reduced by:
• Limiting investments to higher rated securities as further described in
this policy.
• Diversifying the investment portfolio so that potential losses on
individual securities will be reduced.
2. Liquidity: The investment portfolio will remain sufficiently liquid to enable the East
Valley Water District to meet all operating requirements that might be reasonably
anticipated.
3. Return on Investments: The investment portfolio shall be designed with the
objective of attaining the best yield or returns on investments, taking into account the
investment risk constraints and liquidity needs. Return on investment is of secondary
importance compared to the safety and liquidity objectives.
Prudence
The standard of prudence to be used by District officials involved in the investment program
shall be the “prudent investor” standard and shall be applied in the context of managing the
overall portfolio. The meaning of the standard of prudent investor is explained in CGC Section
53600.3, which states that “when investing, reinvesting, purchasing, acquiring, exchanging,
selling, or managing public funds, a trustee shall act with care, skill, prudence, and diligence
under the circumstances then prevailing, including, but not limited to, the general economic
conditions and the anticipated needs of the agency, that a prudent person acting in a like
capacity and familiarity with those matters would use in the conduct of funds of a like
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
3 of 14
character and with like aims, to safeguard the principal and maintain the liquidity needs of
the agency.”
The CFO/Treasurer and delegated investment officers, acting in accordance with written
procedures and this Policy and exercising due diligence, shall be relieved of personal
responsibility for an individual security’s credit risk or market price changes, provided
deviations from expectations are reported in a timely fashion and appropriate action is taken
to control adverse developments.
Delegation of Authority
The authority of the District’s Board of Directors to invest District funds is derived from
California Government Code (CGC) section 53601. Section 53607 of the CGC grants the Board
the authority to delegate that authority to the District’s Chief Financial Officer
(CFO)/Treasurer. The authority to invest District funds is hereby delegated to the
CFO/Treasurer.
The CFO/Treasurer shall be responsible for all transactions undertaken and shall establish a
system of controls to regulate the activities of subordinate officials in the absence of the
Treasurer. All transactions will be reviewed by the Treasurer on a regular basis to ensure
compliance with this Policy. No Person may engage in an investment transaction except as
provided under the terms of this Investment Policy and the procedures established by the
Treasurer.
Ethics and Conflicts of Interest
Officers and employees involved in the investment process shall refrain from personal
business activity that could conflict with proper execution of the investment program or which
could impair their ability to make impartial investment decisions. Employees and investment
officials shall disclose to the District’s General Manager/CEO any material financial interest in
financial institutions that conduct business within the District, and they shall further disclose
any large personal financial/investment positions that could be related to the performance
of the District.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
4 of 14
All bond issue participants, including but not limited to, underwriters, bond counsel, financial
advisors, brokers, and dealers will disclose any fee sharing arrangements or fee splitting to
the CFO/Treasurer prior to the execution of any transaction.
Authorized Broker-Dealers
The CFO/Treasurer will maintain a list of approved financial institutions authorized to provide
investment services to the District. These may include primary dealers authorized to buy and
sell government securities in direct dealings with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or
regional dealers that qualify under Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 15C3-1
(uniform net capital rule). The list of approved financial institutions will be reviewed by the
CFO/Treasurer on an annual basis.
All Broker Dealers who desire to conduct investment transactions with the District must
supply the CFO/Treasurer with the following:
• Audited Financial Statements
• Proof of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) certification
• Proof of State of California registration
• Completed broker/dealer questionnaire (except Certificate of Deposit counterparties)
• Certification of having read the District’s investment policy and depository contracts
Authorized and Suitable Investments
The East Valley Water District as empowered by California Government Code (CGC) §53600,
et. Seq., establishes the following as authorized investments:
A. Local Agency Investment Fund (LAIF). The District may invest in the Local
Agency Investment Fund established by the State Treasurer for the benefit of local
agencies (CGC §16429.1). The fund must have 24-hour liquidity. There is no limitation
on the percentage of the District portfolio that may be invested with LAIF, however,
LAIF does impose a maximum deposit of $75 million.
B. United States Treasury Securities. United States Treasury notes, bonds, or bills
for which the full faith and credit of the United States is pledged for the payment of
principal and interest (CGC §53601(b)). There is no limitation as to the percentage of
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
5 of 14
the District’s portfolio that may be invested in these securities, however, maximum
investment maturities are limited to five years from the date of purchase.
C. Federal Agency Obligations. The District is permitted to invest in federal agency
or United States government sponsored enterprise obligations, participations,
mortgage-backed securities or other instruments, including those issued by or fully
guaranteed as to principal and interest by Federal agencies or United States
government sponsored enterprises (CGC §53601(f)). Maximum maturity is limited to
five years from the date of purchase. There is no limitation as to the percentage of
the District’s portfolio that may be invested in agencies.
D. Bank Depository Accounts. The District may invest in insured or collateralized
certificates of deposit, savings accounts, market rate accounts, or other bank deposits
issued by a state or national bank, savings and loan associations, or state or federal
credit unions located in California (CGC §53630 et. Seq.). A written depository contract
is required with all institutions that hold District deposits requiring that deposits be
collateralized in accordance with the CGC. Under provisions of the Code, California
banks and savings and loan associations are required to secure the District’s deposits
by pledging government securities with a value of 110% principal and accrued
interest. State law also allows financial institutions to secure the District deposits by
pledging first trust deed mortgage notes having a value of 150% of the District’s total
deposits. The Treasurer may waive collateral requirement for the portion of any
deposit insured pursuant to federal law. Securities placed in a collateral pool must
provide coverage for at least 110% of all deposits that are placed in the institution.
Acceptable pooled collateral is governed by CGC §53651. Real estate mortgages are
not considered acceptable collateral by the District, even though they are permitted
in CGC §53651(m).
All financial institutions holding District deposits are required to provide the District
with a regular statement of pooled collateral. This report will state that they are
meeting the 110% collateral rule, a listing of all collateral with location and market
value, plus an accountability of the total amount of deposits secured by the pool.
Deposits are allowable in any institution that insures its deposits with the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or the National Credit Union Administration
(NCUA), and a maximum deposit of up to the federal insurance limits may be
deposited in any one institution without collateral. No bank shall receive District
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
6 of 14
deposits in excess of the federal insurance limits that has a long-term debt rating by
Moody’s investors Service, Standard & Poor’s, or Fitch Ratings of less than ‘A’. The
maximum maturity is restricted to three years.
In accordance with CGC §53638, no deposit shall exceed the shareholder’s equity of
any depository bank, nor shall a deposit exceed the total net worth of any institution.
No deposits shall be made at a state or federal credit union if a member of the Board
of Directors or the General Manager/CEO or CFO/Treasurer of the District serves on
the Board of Directors or a committee of the credit union.
E. Municipal Securities. Registered treasury notes or bonds issued by the State of
California or any of the other 49 states, including bonds payable solely out of the
revenues from a revenue producing property owned, controlled, or operated by a
state or by a department, board, agency, or authority of any states (CGC §53601
(c)(d)).
Bonds, notes, or other evidence of debt issued by a local agency within the State of
California, including issues by East Valley Water District if allowed under the bond
indenture. This includes bonds payable solely out of revenue form a revenue -
producing property owned, controlled, or operated by the local agency, or by an
authority of the local agency (CGC §53601 (a)(e)).
Securities must have a debt rating of at least ‘AA’ by a Nationally Recognized Statistical
Rating Organization (NRSRO). Maximum maturity is limited to five years from the date
of purchase, and holdings of this type of security are limited to a maximum of 20%
of the District’s investment portfolio.
F. Commercial Paper. Commercial paper of ‘prime’ quality of the highest ranking of
the highest letter and number rating as provided for by a NRSRO and must be issued
only by general corporations that are organized and operating within the United States
and have total assets in excess of $500 million. Th e general corporation must have
an ‘A’ rating or better on debt other than commercial paper, if any, assigned by an
NRSRO (CGC §53601(h)).
Purchases shall not exceed 5% of the outstanding paper of the issuing corporation,
and maximum maturity is restricted to 270 days. This type of investment shall not
exceed 15% of the District’s investment portfolio.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
7 of 14
G. Placement Service Deposits. The District may invest in Certificates of Deposit
placed with a private sector entity that assists in the placement of deposi ts with
eligible financial institutions located in the United States (CGC §53601.8). The full
amount of the principal and the interest that may be accrued during the maximum
term of each deposit shall at all times be insured by federal deposit insurance.
Placement Service Deposits, in combination with bank certificates of deposit shall not
exceed 25% of the value of the District’s investments at any time. The maximum
investment maturity will be restricted to three years.
H. Medium Term Notes. The District may invest in corporate and depository institution
debt securities issued by corporations organized and operating within the United
States, or by depository institutions licensed by the United States or any state and
operating within the United States (CGC §53601(k)).
Securities eligible for investment under this section shall be rated ‘AA’ or better by an
NRSRO. The maximum maturity is restricted to five years, and investment in this
category of security shall not exceed 30 % of the District’s investible funds, and not
more than 5% from a single issuer.
I. Money Market Funds. Shares of beneficial interest issued by diversified
management companies that are money market funds registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (CGC §53601(l)(2)).
The Company shall either 1) have attained the highest ranking or the highest letter
and numerical rating provided by not less than two NRSROs or 2) retained an
investment adviser registered or exempt from registration with the Securities and
Exchange Commission with not less than five years of experience managing money
market mutual funds with assets under management in excess of five hundred million
dollars ($500,000,000). A maximum of 15% of the District’s investible funds can be
invested in Money Market Mutual funds.
J. Local Government Investment Pools. Shares of beneficial interest in an
investment pool created by a joint powers authority organized pursuant to CGC
§6509.7 and that invest in securities and obligations authorized in the California
Government Code (CGC §53601(p)). Investment is limited to pools that seek to
maintain a stable Net Asset Value (NAV) and must be rated at least ‘AA’ or better by
a NRSRO. A maximum of 25% of the District’s portfolio may be invested in Local
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
8 of 14
Government Investment Pools.
K. Prohibited Investments. Under the provision of CGC §53601.6 and §53631.5, the
District shall not invest any funds covered by this Investment Policy in inverse floaters,
range notes, interest-only strips derived from mortgage pools or any investment that
may result in a zero-interest accrual if held to maturity. Notwithstanding the
prohibition above, the District may invest in securities issued by, or backed by, the
United States government that could result in zero or negative-interest accrual if held
to maturity, in the event of, and for the duration of, a period of negative market
interest rates (CA SB 998).
Review of Investment Portfolio
The securities held by East Valley Water District must be in compliance with the above section
‘Authorized and Suitable Investments’ at the time of purchase. If a security falls out of
compliance with this section subsequent to the date of purchase, the CFO/Treasurer shall
report this change to the District’s Board of Directors with the following monthly Investment
Transaction report. Discussion in the monthly report will include the reasons for the change,
prognosis for recovery, and a recommended course of action.
Investment Pools / Mutual Funds
When the District’s investment portfolio includes Investment Pools and Mutual Funds, as
permitted in the section ‘Authorized and Suitable Investments’, the CFO/Treasurer shall as a
matter of due diligence, monitor the assets held by the pools/funds. At least quarterly, the
CFO/Treasurer will conduct an investigation to determine the following:
1. A description of eligible investment securities, and a written statement of investment
policy and objectives.
2. A description of interest calculation and how it is distributed, and how gains and losses
are treated.
3. A description of how the securities are safeguarded (including the settlement
processes), how often the securities are priced, and the program audited.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
9 of 14
4. A description of who may invest in the program, how often, what size deposit and
withdrawal are allowed.
5. A schedule for receiving statements and portfolio listings.
6. Are reserves, retained earnings, etc. utilized by the pool/fund?
7. A fee schedule, and when and how it is assessed.
8. Is the pool/fund eligible for bond proceeds and/or will it accept such proceeds?
Safekeeping and Custody Agreements
To protect against potential losses caused by collapse of individual securities dealers, all
securities owned by the East Valley Water District shall be kept in safekeeping by a third -
party bank trust department, acting as agent for the District under the terms of a custody
agreement executed by the bank and the District. All securities will be received and delivered
using standard delivery versus payment (DVP) procedures with the District’s custodial bank,
and evidenced by safekeeping receipts.
Diversification and Maximum Maturities
The District will diversify its investment by security type and institution. With the exception
of the US Government, its agencies and instrumentalities, and the Local Agency Investment
Fund, no more than 5% of the District’s total investment portfolio will be invested in a single
security type with a single financial institution.
To the extent possible, East Valley Water District will attempt to match its investments with
anticipated cash flow requirements. Unless matched to a specific cash flow, the District will
not directly invest in securities maturing more than 5 years from the date of purchase.
Reserve funds may be invested in securities exceeding 5 years if the maturity of such
investments is made to coincide as nearly as practicable with the expected use of the funds.
Internal Controls
The CFO/Treasurer is responsible for establishing and maintaining an internal control
structure designed to ensure that the assets of the District are protected from loss, theft, or
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
10 of 14
misuse. The internal control structures shall be designed to provide reasonable assurance
that these objectives are met. Internal controls shall be in writing and shall address the
following: separation of transaction authority from accounting and record keeping,
safekeeping of assets and written confirmation of telephone transactions for investments and
wire transfers.
The external auditors will annually review the investments and general activities associated
with the investment program. This review will provide internal control by assuring compliance
with the Investment Policy and District policies and procedures.
Performance Standards
The investment portfolio will be designed with the objective of obtaining a rate of return
throughout budgetary and economic cycles, commensurate with the investment risk
constraints, and the cash flow needs.
The District’s investment strategy is passive. The performance of the District’s investment
portfolio will be evaluated and compared to an appropriate benchmark in order to assess the
success of the investment portfolio relative to the District’s Safety, Liquidity, and Return on
Investments’ objectives.
Investment Reporting
In accordance with California Government Code §53607 , the CFO/Treasurer will submit a
monthly report to the Board of Directors showing all investment transactions occurring in the
previous month.
Further, in accordance with California Government Code §53646, the CFO/Treasurer will also
prepare a quarterly Investment Report and render the report to the Board of Directors no
later than 30 days after the close of each calendar quarter.
The report shall provide the type of investment, issuers, the date of maturity, par values and
market values of each investment, transactions occurring during the reporting period, and
identification of funds managed by third party managers. The report will also include 1)
certification that all investment transactions have been made in compliance with the District’s
Investment Policy, and 2) a statement that the District has the ability to meet all of its
expenditure requirements during the next six months.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
11 of 14
Policy Adoption
Adoption. This policy shall be reviewed annually with the Board of Directors and adopted
by Board Resolution.
Amendments. Any changes to the policy, or persons charged with maintaining internal
controls over investments, must be approved by the Board.
Glossary of Terms
(Note: All words of a technical nature should be included. Following is an example of common
treasury terminology.)
Agencies: Federal agency securities and/or Government-sponsored enterprises.
Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (ACFR): The official annual report of the
(East Valley Water District). It includes four combined financial statements prepared in
conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It also includes supporting
schedules necessary to demonstrate compliance with finance -related legal and contractual
provisions, extensive introductory material, and a detailed Statistical Section.
Benchmark: A comparative base for measuring the performance or risk tolerance of the
investment portfolio. A benchmark should represent a close correlation to the level of risk
and the average duration of the portfolio’s investments.
Broker: A broker brings buyers and sellers together for a commission.
Certificate of Deposit (CD): A time deposit with a specific maturity evidenced by a
Certificate. Large-denomination CDs are typically negotiable.
Collateral: Securities, evidence of deposit or other property, which a borrower pledges to
secure repayment of a loan. Also refers to securities pledged by a bank to secure deposits
of public monies.
Coupon: (a) The annual rate of interest that a bond’s issuer promises to pay the bondholder
on the bond’s face value. (b) A certificate attached to a bond evidencing interest due on a
payment date.
Dealer: A dealer, as opposed to a broker, acts as a principal in all transactions, buying and
selling for his own account.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
12 of 14
Delivery versus Payment (DVP): There are two methods of delivery of securities:
delivery versus payment and delivery versus receipt. Delivery versus payment is delivery of
securities with an exchange of money for the securities. Delivery versus receipt is delivery of
securities with an exchange of a signed receipt for the securities.
Discount: The difference between the cost price of a security and its maturity when quoted
at lower than face value. A security selling below the original offering price shortly after sale
is also considered to be at a discount.
Diversification: A Dividing investment funds among a variety of securities offering
independent returns.
Duration: A measure of the sensitivity of the price (the value of principal) of a fixed-income
investment to a change in interest rates. Duration is expressed as a number of years. Rising
interest rates mean falling bond prices, while declining interest rates mean rising bond prices.
Federal Credit Agencies: Agencies of the Federal government set up to supply credit to
various classes of institutions and individuals (e.g., S & L’s, small bus iness firms, students,
farmers, farm cooperatives, and exporters).
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): A federal agency that insures bank
deposits, currently up to $250,000 per entity.
Federal Reserve System: The central bank of the United States created by Congress and
consisting of a seven-member Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., 12 regional banks,
and about 5,700 commercial banks that are members of the system.
Liquidity: A liquidity asset is one that can be converted easily and rapidly into cash without
a substantial loss of value. In the money market, a security is said to be liquid if the spread
between bid and asked prices is narrow and reasonable size can be done at those quotes.
Local Government Investment Pool (LGIP): The aggregate of all funds from political
subdivisions that are placed in the custody of the State Treasurer for investment and
reinvestment.
Market Value: The price at which a security is trading and could presumably be purchased
or sold.
Maturity: The date upon which the principal or stated value of an investment becomes due
and payable.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
13 of 14
Money Market: The marker in which short-term debt instruments (bills, commercial paper,
bankers’ acceptances, etc.) are issued and traded.
Offer: The price asked by a seller of securities. (When you are buying securities, you ask
for an offer.) See Asked and Bid.
Portfolio: Collection of securities held by an investor.
Primary Dealer: A group of government securities dealers who submit daily reports of
market activity and positions and monthly financial statements to the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York and are subject to its informal oversight. Primary dealers include Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC)-registered securities broker-dealers, banks, and a few
unregulated firms.
“Prudent Investor” Standard: A standard of responsibility which applies to fiduciaries.
In California, the rule is stated as “Investments shall be managed with the care, skill,
prudence and diligence, under the circumstances then prevailing, that a prudent person,
acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters, would use in the conduct of an
enterprise of like character and with like aims to accomplish similar purposes.”
Rate of Return: The yield obtainable on a security based on its purchase price or its current
market price. This may be the amortized yield to maturity on a bond the current income
return.
Safekeeping: A service to customers rendered by banks for a fee whereby securities and
valuables of all types and descriptions are held in the bank’s vaults for protection.
Securities and Exchange Commission: Agency created by Congress to protect investors
in securities transactions by administering securities legislation.
Treasury Bills: A non-interest bearing discount security issued by the U.S. Treasury to
finance the national debt. Most bills are issued to mature in three months, six months, or
one year.
Treasury Bonds: Long-term coupon-bearing U.S. Treasury securities issued as direct
obligations of the U.S. Government and having initial maturities of more than 10 years.
Treasury Notes: Medium-term coupon-bearing U.S. Treasury securities issued as direct
obligations of the U.S. Government and having initial maturities from two to 10 years.
EAST VALLEY WATER DISTRICT
Administrative Policies & Programs
Policy Title: Investment Policy
Original Approval Date:
July 22, 2015
Last Revised:
April 12, 2023
Policy No:
7.6
Page
14 of 14
Uniform Net Capital Rule: Securities and Exchange Commission requirement that
member firms as well as nonmember broker-dealers in securities maintain a maximum ratio
of indebtedness to liquid capital of 15 to 1; also called net capital rule and net capital ratio.
Indebtedness covers all money owed to a firm, including margin loans and commitments to
purchase securities, one reason new public issues are spread among members of
underwriting syndicates. Liquid capital includes cash and assets easily converted into cash.
Yield: The rate of annual income return on an investment, expressed as a percentage. (a)
Income Yield is obtained by dividing the current dollar income by the current mar ket price
for the security. (b) Net Yield or Yield to Maturity is the current income yield minus any
premium above par or plus any discount from par in purchase price, with the adjustment
spread over the period from the date of purchase to the date of maturity of the bond.
Revised 4/27/16
Revised 4/12/17
Revised 4/25/18
Revised 4/24/19
Revised 5/13/20
Revised 3/24/21
Revised 4/27/22